Forward the Foundation Chapter 22

Part IV Wanda Seldon SELDON, WANDA-†¦ In the fading long stretches of Hari Seldon's life, he became generally joined to (some state subordinate upon) his granddaughter, Wanda. Stranded in her teenagers, Wanda Seldon dedicated herself to her granddad's Psychohistory Project, filling the opportunity left by Yugo Amaryl†¦ The substance of Wanda Seldon's work remains to a great extent a secret, for it was directed in for all intents and purposes absolute confinement. The main people permitted access to Wanda Seldon's examination were Hari himself and a youngster named Stettin Palver (whose relative Preem would 400 years after the fact add to the resurrection of Trantor, as the planet rose from the cinders of the Great Sack [300 F.E.1). In spite of the fact that the full degree of Wanda Seldon's commitment to the Foundation is obscure, it was without a doubt of the best magnitude†¦ Reference book Galactica 1 Hari Seldon strolled into the Galactic Library (limping a bit, as he accomplished increasingly more regularly nowadays) and made for the banks of skitters, the little vehicles that slid their way along the endless passageways of the structure complex. He was held up, in any case, by seeing three men situated at one of the galactography niches, with the Galactograph indicating the Galaxy in full three-dimensional portrayal and, obviously, its universes gradually pinwheeling around its center, turning at right edges to that too. From where Seldon stood he could see that the fringe Province of Anacreon was separated in shining red. It evaded the edge of the Galaxy and took up an incredible volume, however it was scantily populated with stars. Anacreon was not exceptional for either riches or culture but rather was noteworthy for its good ways from Trantor: ten thousand parsecs away. Seldon following up without really thinking, sat down at a PC support close to the three and set up an arbitrary hunt he was certain would take an inconclusive period. Some impulse revealed to him that such a serious enthusiasm for Anacreon must be political in nature-its situation in the Galaxy made it one of the least secure possessions of the present Imperial system. His eyes stayed on his screen, yet Seldon's ears were open for the conversation close to him. One didn't for the most part hear political conversations in the Library. They were, in purpose of certainty, shouldn't happen. Seldon didn't have the foggiest idea about any of the three men. That was not so much astonishing. There were aficionados of the Library, many, and Seldon knew the majority of them by sight-and some even to converse with yet the Library was available to all residents. No capabilities. Anybody could enter and utilize its offices. (For a restricted timeframe, obviously. Just a chosen few, as Seldon were permitted to â€Å"set up shop† in the Library. Seldon had been allowed the utilization of a bolted private office and complete access to Library assets.) One of the men (Seldon thought of him as Hook Nose, for evident reasons) talked in a low earnest voice. â€Å"Let it go,† he said. â€Å"Let it go. It's costing us a mint to attempt to hang on and, regardless of whether we do, it may be while they're there. They can't remain there always and, when they leave, the circumstance will return to what it was.† Seldon recognized what they were discussing. The news had come over TrantorVision just three days back that the Imperial government had settled on a demonstration of power to bring the obstreperous Governor of Anacreon into line. Seldon's own psychohistorical examination had given him that it was a pointless system, yet the legislature didn't for the most part listen when its feelings were mixed. Seldon grinned marginally and terribly at hearing Hook Nose say what he himself had said-and the youngster said it without the advantage of any information on psychohistory. Snare Nose went on. â€Å"If we disregard Anacreon, what do we lose? It's still there, right where it generally was, directly at the edge of the Empire. It can't get and go to Andromeda, can it? So it despite everything needs to exchange with us and life proceeds. What's the distinction in the event that they salute the Emperor or not? You'll always be unable to tell the difference.† The subsequent man, whom Seldon had marked Baldy, for considerably progressively evident reasons, stated, â€Å"Except this entire business doesn't exist in a vacuum. In the event that Anacreon goes, the other outskirt regions will go. The Empire will break up.† â€Å"So what?† murmured Hook Nose furiously. â€Å"The Empire can't run itself adequately any longer, at any rate. It's too huge. Release the outskirt and deal with itself-on the off chance that it can. The Inner Worlds will be all the more grounded and happier. The fringe doesn't need to be our own strategically; it will even now be our own economically.† What's more, presently the third man (Red Cheeks) stated, â€Å"I wish you were correct, yet that is not the way it will work. On the off chance that the outskirt territories build up their autonomy, the principal thing each will do will be to attempt to expand its capacity to the detriment of its neighbors. There'll be war and struggle and all of the governors will fantasy about turning out to be Emperor finally. It will resemble the days of yore before the Kingdom of Trantor-a dull age that will keep going for a large number of years.† Baldy stated, â€Å"Surely things won't be that terrible. The Empire may separate, however it will recuperate itself immediately when individuals discover that the separation just methods war and impoverishment. They'll think back on the brilliant days of the unblemished Empire and all will be well once more. We're not brutes, you know. We'll discover a way.† â€Å"Absolutely,† said Hook Nose. €Å"we must recollect that the Empire has confronted a great many emergencies in its history and has gotten through time and again.† Yet, Red Cheeks shook his head as he stated, â€Å"This isn't simply one more emergency. This is something much more terrible. The Empire has been falling apart for ages. Ten years of the junta annihilated the economy and since the fall of the junta and the ascent of this new Emperor, the Empire has been feeble to such an extent that the governors on the Periphery don't need to do anything. It will fall of its own weight.† â€Å"And the loyalty to the Emperor-† started Hook Nose. â€Å"What allegiance?† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"We went for a considerable length of time without an Emperor after Cleon was killed and nobody appeared to mind a lot. What's more, this new Emperor is only a nonentity. There's no other option for him. There's no other viable option for anyone. This isn't an emergency. This is the end. â€Å" The other two gazed at Red Cheeks, grimacing. Baldy stated, â€Å"You truly trust it! You imagine that the Imperial government will simply stay there and let everything happen?† â€Å"Yes! Like both of you, they will have a hard time believing it is going on. That is, until it's too late.† â€Å"What would you need them to do on the off chance that they believed it?† asked Baldy. Red Cheeks gazed into the Galactograph, as though he may discover an answer there. â€Å"I don't have the foggiest idea. See, at the appropriate time of time I'll pass on; things won't be really awful by at that point. A short time later, as the circumstance deteriorates, others can stress over it. I'll be no more. Thus will past times worth remembering. Possibly for eternity. I'm by all account not the only one who thinks this, incidentally. Ever know about somebody named Hari Seldon?† â€Å"Sure,† said Hook Nose without a moment's delay. â€Å"Wasn't he First Minister under Cleon?† â€Å"Yes,† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"He's a type of researcher. I heard him give a discussion a couple of months back. It felt great to know I'm by all account not the only one who accepts the Empire is self-destructing. He said-â€Å" â€Å"And he said everything's going to pot and there will be a lasting dull age?† Baldy contributed. â€Å"Well no,† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"He's one of these genuine careful sorts. Anger says it may occur, yet he's off-base. It will happen.† Seldon had heard enough. He limped toward the table where the three men sat and contacted Red Cheeks on the shoulder. â€Å"Sir,† he stated, â€Å"may I address you for a moment?† Alarmed, Red Cheeks gazed upward and afterward he stated, â€Å"Hey, aren't you Professor Seldon?† â€Å"I consistently have been,† said Seldon. He gave the man a reference tile bearing his photo. â€Å"I might want to see you here in my Library office at 4 P.M., day after tomorrow. Would you be able to oversee that?† â€Å"I need to work.† â€Å"Call in wiped out on the off chance that you need to. It's important.† â€Å"Well, I don't know, sir.† â€Å"Do it,† said Seldon. â€Å"If you get into any kind of difficulty over it, I'll fix it. What's more, then, courteous fellows, do you mind on the off chance that I study the Galaxy reenactment for a second? It's been quite a while since I've taken a gander at one.† They gestured mutely, clearly abashed at being within the sight of a previous First Minister. Individually the men ventured back and permitted Seldon access to the Galactograph controls. Seldon's finger connected with the controls and the red that had separated the Province of Anacreon disappeared. The Galaxy was plain, a gleaming pinwheel of fog lighting up into the circular shine at the inside, behind which was the Galactic dark opening. Singular stars couldn't be made out, obviously, except if the view were amplified, yet then just some segment of the Galaxy would be appeared on the screen and Seldon needed to see the entire thing - to get a glance at the Empire that was evaporating. He pushed a contact and a progression of yellow specks showed up on the Galactic picture. They spoke to the tenable planets-twenty-5,000,000 of them. They could be recognized as individual spots in the slender mist that spoke to the edges of the Galaxy, yet they were increasingly more thickly positioned as one moved in toward the middle. There was a belt of what appeared to be strong yellow (yet which would isolate into singular dabs under amplification) around the focal shine. The focal sparkle itself stayed white and plain, obviously. No livable planets could exist amidst the tempestuous energies of the center. Regardless of the extraordinary thickness of

Pakistan’s Educational System

The instruction arrangement of Pakistan is one is the least-created on the planet. Until 1947, the instructive framework depended on the British provincial instructive framework. In 1947, Pakistan picked up freedom coming about because of the segment of the Indian subcontinent into the conditions of India and Pakistan. The frontier framework was particular. It was intended to teach a little segment of the populace to run the administration. Despite the progressions since freedom, the Pakistani instruction framework has kept its frontier framework, to forestall the lose of lack of education. Pakistan’s instructive framework is separated into five levels. The pre-college training incorporates four levels. The first is the essential level, which is grades one to five. At that point, the center level comprising of evaluations six to eight. Next is the significant level, grades nine and ten. At that point is the middle of the road level which is levels eleven and twelve, prompting a confirmation in expressions or science. There is likewise a college level, which lead to undergrad and advanced educations. The Pakistani instructive framework depends on expelling political force from neighborhood levels and amass it in a focal position. The entirety of the organizations associated with scholarly and specialized training, up to the halfway level are constrained by the Ministry of Education. For any training programs over those levels, there is a legislature empowered college in the four Pakistani regions. The four regions are Punjab, Baluchistan, and the North West Frontier. The colleges are in charge of sorting out guidelines and tests for their territory. Separate from the Ministry of Education, different services oversee certain degree programs. Other private and not-for-profit school and colleges have begun to come up in Pakistan. A few models are the Lahore University of Management Sciences and the Aga Khan clinical University in Karachi. Since they are secretly subsidized, they give an opportunity to advanced education for a little bit of individuals who don't have the chance to seek after their instruction at openly financed colleges, that have restricted yearly confirmation. In spite of the plans of the Pakistani government, the instructive framework has neglected to dispose of lack of education after their time of autonomy. It has additionally neglected to show various individuals to address the issues of the nation in various fields. This had been a significant disablement to the nation’s monetary turn of events. The administration changes in the 1950’s, 1960’s, and 1970’s didn't raise these issue. They principally centered around supplanting English, the pilgrim language of instruction, with Urdu, the language of most Pakistanis. The changes additionally prompted the creation school open. Managing the imperfections of the instructive framework, the Pakistani government composed new changes in the late 1980’s and mid 1990’s. These made three significant procedures start. The legislature privatized the school that were made open in the 1970’s. It additionally dropped the way toward making Urdu the language of instruction and urged to return to English language in tuition based schools. At long last, the administration focused on Pakistani examinations and Islamic investigations as two significant pieces of the educational plan. This was a significant change from frontier education’s dependent on British history and English writing. The progressions have improved the instructive framework and have expanded the quantity of proficient Pakistanis, however there are still a few battles. Instructive financing is low. Additionally, there is minimal political endeavors to make upgrades. Pakistan’s costs on instruction isn't sufficient to meet the developing requirements for training administrations for the nation’s expanding populace. Then again, In the 1999-2000 school year, government spending on instruction was 2 percent of Pakistan’s net national item. This sum shows a decline from 1995-1997. School enlistment likewise expanded from 19 percent in 1980 to 24 percent in 1990. The Pakistani instructive framework indicated a ton of oppression ladies. This shamefulness was appeared in the example of education, which shows a solid connection among sexual orientation and proficiency rates. The absence of education rate is high among Pakistani ladies all things considered. In 1998, the grown-up lack of education raters were 42 percent for guys and 71 percent for females. Around the same time, the ignorance rate for male youth and female youth was 25 and 53 percent. This sexual orientation based partiality has added to the proceeded with lack of education and deficiency of taught individuals and has impactsly affected the underdevelopment of Pakistan. The instructive arrangement of Pakistan has been not able to address the issues of instructive prerequisites of the Pakistanis. The framework needs outrageous speculation to expand the quantity of instructive foundations and to prepare and locate an adequate measure of teachers at all levels. The Pakistani government has constrained budgetary assets, which isn't sufficient to meet all of Pakistan’s needs. Added to the cash spend as a result of the flimsy relations among India and Pakistan and a tremendous outside obligation further decrease the accessible assets for instructive purposes. Except if the compounding Pakistani economy improves there is little trust in a huge change in Pakistan’s instructive framework later on.

10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview

10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job InterviewAre you prepared for interviewers to throw you a curveball? Do you have questions of your own ready about the role and the company? How should you dress?Applying for jobs in 2019 is like sitting on a desert island, writing a message, putting that message into a bottle, and then throwing that bottle directly into a black hole.Unless you know someone who works at the company you’re applying to, you’re probably applying through some sort of online portal in exchange for an automated confirmation email. Odds are you’ll never hear from them again. Or maybe you’ll get a rejection email months after you’d forgotten about the position.It’s a numbers game: The more jobs you apply to, the more likely you’ll be to get a job interview. But the challenges don’t end there! You still have to nail the interview. Here are ten tips for doing just that.1. Do your research.Acing an interview is often about more than just having the right skills and knowl edge for the position. It’s also important to have knowledge of the specific company you’re interviewing with.“Research the company and have questions about the role and the organization,” urged certified human resources professional Rebecca Francoline. “As a recruiter, it is so disappointing to get to the end of the conversation and the person has no questions at all. You will be spending 40+ hours a week at work, you should want to know more.”Dave Lane, CEO of Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools), offered some good resources to consider when researching your potential employer:“First and foremost, do your research on your potential employer. Read their website, find key team membersâ€"especially those who may be in your interviewâ€"on LinkedIn and other social media, and learn what makes them stand out from other potential employers.Researching the company for an hour or two will give you great opportunities during the interview to show how deep your interest in the compa ny goes. Your research is a jumping-off point for helping interviewers go off script and make a real connection with you.“To show youre someone that does their homework, a statement like this goes a long way: ‘I read on your site that youre doing X, which I find interesting. I didnt see anyone else in the industry doing this. What led you to do X?’”2. Dress for the job you want (as long as it’s the one you’re interviewing for).While it might be nice to live in a society where employers don’t take your appearance into account, it is not the society we live in. As such, the way you dress is going to make a strong first impression, and you want it to be a positive one.“Visit the companys Instagram to see what the companys vibe is,” suggested Christian Eilers, a career expert at Zety (@zety_com). “If the employees dress casual and an office dog is running aroundâ€"thats a signal not to wear a suit and tie for your interview. Try to blend in and be respectful of the c ompanys culture. Show them that you fit in. Smile. If you are stressed or nervousâ€"feel free to admit it and make a small joke about it. Thats all natural.That being said, being too casual can also be a significant misstep.“This may seem obvious but the trend seems to be leaning towards business casual outfits,” explained Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn). “Regardless, wear the suit, wear the professional dress, and wear the right shoes. There is a saying that goes… ‘Dress for the role you WANT, not the role you have.’ Fantastic advice.Be sure to wow them (and I mean anyone you come in contact with at the company) with your first impression. That is the one the interviewer is going to remember. You can never take that first impression back â€" dress to impress.”There may not be one definite answer to exactly how you should dress, but it’s definitely something you should put thought into.3. Practice, practice, practice.Getting good at something often takes practice. Getting good at interviewing is not an exception.“Look up common interview questions and practice answering them out loud,” advised Francoline. “Sometimes what sounds good in our heads actually is very awkward when spoken, so get comfortable talking about yourself.You may not be asked the same questions but thats OK because you will have the practice in articulating your professional experience.”4. Connect off the bat.Making a good impression isn’t just about what you’re wearing.“Have a firm handshake and look people in the eye when you greet them,” recommended Lane. “Its not about having the strongest grip or appearing bold. Its about making a connection through eye contact and acknowledging your interviewers as people. People dont trust people who cant look them in the eye.”It’s also worth trying to make a personal connection.“If you share a hobby or educational background with one of your interviewers, try to work it int o the conversation,” offered Lane. “Signal that you are not only a technical fit for the job description but also an interesting and engaging person your interviewers will want to work with.”5. Show your enthusiasm.Is this your dream job? Maybe, maybe not. But it’s probably a good idea to treat the interview as though it was. You took the time to come to the interview, so at this point, there’s nothing to lose from giving it your all.“Confidence is important but arrogance is a turn-off,” explained Newborn. “Interviewers are looking for someone who is excited to work on their team and someone who is passionate about the company. That being said, a little nervous energy is great. It shows that the interview is important to you.”6. Come with something to offer.It’s not just enough to answer the questions you’re asked. If you really want to impress the interviewer, you should be ready to volunteer information of your own.“Bring success stories,” advised Newborn . “Prepare your best success stories, big wins, and how you overcame business challenges in past companies. Even great success stories from when you were getting your bachelor’s degree or MBA; or perhaps you are on your condo board or another position with an organization or head up a volunteer group, etc.Managers want to see how you define success and how you will bring that kind of success to my team. Don’t just have one or two or three â€" have ten, so that you can pull out the right story for the question the interviewer is asking. This goes the extra mileâ€"it shows you put the time and energy into your own career growth.“Companies today move at the speed of light. Workloads are heavier than employees can bear.  Directors and VP’s need teams that can find solutions to problems FAST. Illustrate how you are solution focused and how YOU find solutions to problems.Remember that the interviewer has a need to fillâ€"he or she is looking for someone as quickly as possible t o fill that need. The more you can show you are the one finding solutions to their problems, the quicker you will move into the role.”7. Be ready for tough questions.You might be asked a question you don’t know the answer to. That’s okay! You don’t just have to throw up your hands and walk out on the spot. That will pretty much guarantee you do not get the job.“If you dont know the answer to some technical question asked in the interview, ask a followup question to increase your understanding,” suggested Lane. “Employers understand that you wont know everything.However, they want to know your limits. Are you someone who just knows what they know and accepts that limitation, or are you someone who will dig into the things you dont know and increase your professional mastery?“If you dont know an answer but have a theory about what it could be, share that as well. ‘I dont know for sure, but I believe the concept youre asking about works this way’ demonstrates your t hinking processes and intellect far better than ‘I dont know the answer.’8. Ask some questions of your own.It’s a classic job interview tip: you should be speaking more than they are. And that means coming prepared with your own questions.“Be sure to come prepared with a list of questions,” offered Newborn. “You are interviewing the company and your new potential boss as much as they are interviewing you. What do you want to know about the company, the department, the team? Refrain from asking questions regarding salary, vacation time, benefits, etc.â€"get the offer first. Some good questions might be:“‘What are your biggest challenges that you are seeking a candidate to solve?’‘What are the three favorite things that you love about working for XXX company?’‘What is the growth potential from this role?’“There are many insightful questions that both help get an insight into the company and also illustrate a candidate’s intelligence level.”9. Be yoursel f.You can try and make a new identity just for this job interview. But if you are hired, it’s going to be pretty exhausting maintaining that persona every work day going forwards.“Job interviews can put a lot of pressure on candidates, whereby they feel like they are going in for a big audition and have to give the performance of a lifetime,” acknowledged Susan Braakman, Operations Manager and HR expert with Seuss Recruitment in Amsterdam.“However, the key to success is simply to be yourself. Truthfully display your skills, experience,  and personality. Ensuring that your personality shines through, will allow the interviewers to assess how well you fit within the team.When you do not stay true to yourself and transform into someone else, this can result in a poor fit between you and your new teamâ€"which will most likely end up in disappointment for both parties.”10. Follow up.When you’re competing against so many candidates, it’s important to give yourself every adva ntage possible. And that means making an effort to stay at the forefront of the interviewer’s mind, even after the interview.“Hopefully, by the time the interview is finished you have made a great impression already,” explained Eilers. “But I do not know a single hiring manager that would frown upon an extra thank you email landing in his mailbox. You can add the recruiters to your LinkedIn contacts (beware though of stalking their Facebook or Instagram profiles- keep it professional).If you havent heard from a recruiter, follow up with a quick email or a phone call. If a hiring manager is on the fence about choosing between a few applicants, he will most likely go for the one that cares the most and shows persistence.Now go out there and nail the interview. We’re rooting for you! For more tips on navigating the job market and maximizing your potential earnings, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Skills You’ll Need in the Job Market of TomorrowThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade School10 Tips to Help You Score That Big Promotion6 Common Resume Mistakes to Avoid!Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsSusan Braakman, the Operations Manager at  Seuss Recruitment, has a passion for Recruitment and Human Resources. After more than 15 years of industry experience filled with beautiful stories and life-changing moments, she has built up an impressive network. She is dedicated to attracting and retaining high potential talent, and has placed more than 200 professionals into new roles. Susan’s positive energy shines over the people around her.Christian Eilers is a career expert who has been writing for  Zety (@zety_com) since 2017. From job hunting, acing interviews to settling in on the first days at a new career, his guides cover the entire career spectrum.Rebecca Francoline, President of  Go Write2Hire, is committed to helping her clients achieve their professional goals. The job search process is an experience where you want a professional, such as Rebecca in your corner who is an expert in resume design, recruiting practices, applicant tracking software (ATS) systems, interviewing, and offer negotiations. Dedicated to her profession and clients, Rebecca is a Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW) and a Certified Professional in Human Resources (PHR) and maintains her credentials through continuing education in both fields of HR and resume writing. She is also a member of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), National Resume Writers Association (NRWA), and the Professional Association of Resume Writers Career Coaches (PARW/CC).Dave Lane is the CEO of  Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools). Over the past ten years, he has led software engineering teams ranging from five people to 150 people. Working his way up from software developer to CTO, he learned that people problems are much mo re challenging and interesting than technical problems. Dave now uses his experience to help companies better support their employees. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Tennessee Technological University. In his spare time, Dave pretends he still knows how to write software.Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn) is a Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach as well as a Director with the World’s largest producer of Spirits.  She has her MBA from Penn State University (Beta Gamma Sigma) and her Certification from the Academy of Jungian Spiritual Psychology. Her blog and coaching business, Newborn Evolution, focuses on Lifestyle Leadership Transformation with a Jungian Twist.  Joanne is a contributing writer to several publications and has two blogs on her website, NewbornEvolution.com.  She is grateful for nearly everything. 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job InterviewAre you prepared for interviewers to throw you a curveball? Do you have questions of your own ready about the role and the company? How should you dress?Applying for jobs in 2019 is like sitting on a desert island, writing a message, putting that message into a bottle, and then throwing that bottle directly into a black hole.Unless you know someone who works at the company you’re applying to, you’re probably applying through some sort of online portal in exchange for an automated confirmation email. Odds are you’ll never hear from them again. Or maybe you’ll get a rejection email months after you’d forgotten about the position.It’s a numbers game: The more jobs you apply to, the more likely you’ll be to get a job interview. But the challenges don’t end there! You still have to nail the interview. Here are ten tips for doing just that.1. Do your research.Acing an interview is often about more than just having the right skills and knowl edge for the position. It’s also important to have knowledge of the specific company you’re interviewing with.“Research the company and have questions about the role and the organization,” urged certified human resources professional Rebecca Francoline. “As a recruiter, it is so disappointing to get to the end of the conversation and the person has no questions at all. You will be spending 40+ hours a week at work, you should want to know more.”Dave Lane, CEO of Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools), offered some good resources to consider when researching your potential employer:“First and foremost, do your research on your potential employer. Read their website, find key team membersâ€"especially those who may be in your interviewâ€"on LinkedIn and other social media, and learn what makes them stand out from other potential employers.Researching the company for an hour or two will give you great opportunities during the interview to show how deep your interest in the compa ny goes. Your research is a jumping-off point for helping interviewers go off script and make a real connection with you.“To show youre someone that does their homework, a statement like this goes a long way: ‘I read on your site that youre doing X, which I find interesting. I didnt see anyone else in the industry doing this. What led you to do X?’”2. Dress for the job you want (as long as it’s the one you’re interviewing for).While it might be nice to live in a society where employers don’t take your appearance into account, it is not the society we live in. As such, the way you dress is going to make a strong first impression, and you want it to be a positive one.“Visit the companys Instagram to see what the companys vibe is,” suggested Christian Eilers, a career expert at Zety (@zety_com). “If the employees dress casual and an office dog is running aroundâ€"thats a signal not to wear a suit and tie for your interview. Try to blend in and be respectful of the c ompanys culture. Show them that you fit in. Smile. If you are stressed or nervousâ€"feel free to admit it and make a small joke about it. Thats all natural.That being said, being too casual can also be a significant misstep.“This may seem obvious but the trend seems to be leaning towards business casual outfits,” explained Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn). “Regardless, wear the suit, wear the professional dress, and wear the right shoes. There is a saying that goes… ‘Dress for the role you WANT, not the role you have.’ Fantastic advice.Be sure to wow them (and I mean anyone you come in contact with at the company) with your first impression. That is the one the interviewer is going to remember. You can never take that first impression back â€" dress to impress.”There may not be one definite answer to exactly how you should dress, but it’s definitely something you should put thought into.3. Practice, practice, practice.Getting good at something often takes practice. Getting good at interviewing is not an exception.“Look up common interview questions and practice answering them out loud,” advised Francoline. “Sometimes what sounds good in our heads actually is very awkward when spoken, so get comfortable talking about yourself.You may not be asked the same questions but thats OK because you will have the practice in articulating your professional experience.”4. Connect off the bat.Making a good impression isn’t just about what you’re wearing.“Have a firm handshake and look people in the eye when you greet them,” recommended Lane. “Its not about having the strongest grip or appearing bold. Its about making a connection through eye contact and acknowledging your interviewers as people. People dont trust people who cant look them in the eye.”It’s also worth trying to make a personal connection.“If you share a hobby or educational background with one of your interviewers, try to work it int o the conversation,” offered Lane. “Signal that you are not only a technical fit for the job description but also an interesting and engaging person your interviewers will want to work with.”5. Show your enthusiasm.Is this your dream job? Maybe, maybe not. But it’s probably a good idea to treat the interview as though it was. You took the time to come to the interview, so at this point, there’s nothing to lose from giving it your all.“Confidence is important but arrogance is a turn-off,” explained Newborn. “Interviewers are looking for someone who is excited to work on their team and someone who is passionate about the company. That being said, a little nervous energy is great. It shows that the interview is important to you.”6. Come with something to offer.It’s not just enough to answer the questions you’re asked. If you really want to impress the interviewer, you should be ready to volunteer information of your own.“Bring success stories,” advised Newborn . “Prepare your best success stories, big wins, and how you overcame business challenges in past companies. Even great success stories from when you were getting your bachelor’s degree or MBA; or perhaps you are on your condo board or another position with an organization or head up a volunteer group, etc.Managers want to see how you define success and how you will bring that kind of success to my team. Don’t just have one or two or three â€" have ten, so that you can pull out the right story for the question the interviewer is asking. This goes the extra mileâ€"it shows you put the time and energy into your own career growth.“Companies today move at the speed of light. Workloads are heavier than employees can bear.  Directors and VP’s need teams that can find solutions to problems FAST. Illustrate how you are solution focused and how YOU find solutions to problems.Remember that the interviewer has a need to fillâ€"he or she is looking for someone as quickly as possible t o fill that need. The more you can show you are the one finding solutions to their problems, the quicker you will move into the role.”7. Be ready for tough questions.You might be asked a question you don’t know the answer to. That’s okay! You don’t just have to throw up your hands and walk out on the spot. That will pretty much guarantee you do not get the job.“If you dont know the answer to some technical question asked in the interview, ask a followup question to increase your understanding,” suggested Lane. “Employers understand that you wont know everything.However, they want to know your limits. Are you someone who just knows what they know and accepts that limitation, or are you someone who will dig into the things you dont know and increase your professional mastery?“If you dont know an answer but have a theory about what it could be, share that as well. ‘I dont know for sure, but I believe the concept youre asking about works this way’ demonstrates your t hinking processes and intellect far better than ‘I dont know the answer.’8. Ask some questions of your own.It’s a classic job interview tip: you should be speaking more than they are. And that means coming prepared with your own questions.“Be sure to come prepared with a list of questions,” offered Newborn. “You are interviewing the company and your new potential boss as much as they are interviewing you. What do you want to know about the company, the department, the team? Refrain from asking questions regarding salary, vacation time, benefits, etc.â€"get the offer first. Some good questions might be:“‘What are your biggest challenges that you are seeking a candidate to solve?’‘What are the three favorite things that you love about working for XXX company?’‘What is the growth potential from this role?’“There are many insightful questions that both help get an insight into the company and also illustrate a candidate’s intelligence level.”9. Be yoursel f.You can try and make a new identity just for this job interview. But if you are hired, it’s going to be pretty exhausting maintaining that persona every work day going forwards.“Job interviews can put a lot of pressure on candidates, whereby they feel like they are going in for a big audition and have to give the performance of a lifetime,” acknowledged Susan Braakman, Operations Manager and HR expert with Seuss Recruitment in Amsterdam.“However, the key to success is simply to be yourself. Truthfully display your skills, experience,  and personality. Ensuring that your personality shines through, will allow the interviewers to assess how well you fit within the team.When you do not stay true to yourself and transform into someone else, this can result in a poor fit between you and your new teamâ€"which will most likely end up in disappointment for both parties.”10. Follow up.When you’re competing against so many candidates, it’s important to give yourself every adva ntage possible. And that means making an effort to stay at the forefront of the interviewer’s mind, even after the interview.“Hopefully, by the time the interview is finished you have made a great impression already,” explained Eilers. “But I do not know a single hiring manager that would frown upon an extra thank you email landing in his mailbox. You can add the recruiters to your LinkedIn contacts (beware though of stalking their Facebook or Instagram profiles- keep it professional).If you havent heard from a recruiter, follow up with a quick email or a phone call. If a hiring manager is on the fence about choosing between a few applicants, he will most likely go for the one that cares the most and shows persistence.Now go out there and nail the interview. We’re rooting for you! For more tips on navigating the job market and maximizing your potential earnings, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Skills You’ll Need in the Job Market of TomorrowThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade School10 Tips to Help You Score That Big Promotion6 Common Resume Mistakes to Avoid!Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsSusan Braakman, the Operations Manager at  Seuss Recruitment, has a passion for Recruitment and Human Resources. After more than 15 years of industry experience filled with beautiful stories and life-changing moments, she has built up an impressive network. She is dedicated to attracting and retaining high potential talent, and has placed more than 200 professionals into new roles. Susan’s positive energy shines over the people around her.Christian Eilers is a career expert who has been writing for  Zety (@zety_com) since 2017. From job hunting, acing interviews to settling in on the first days at a new career, his guides cover the entire career spectrum.Rebecca Francoline, President of  Go Write2Hire, is committed to helping her clients achieve their professional goals. The job search process is an experience where you want a professional, such as Rebecca in your corner who is an expert in resume design, recruiting practices, applicant tracking software (ATS) systems, interviewing, and offer negotiations. Dedicated to her profession and clients, Rebecca is a Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW) and a Certified Professional in Human Resources (PHR) and maintains her credentials through continuing education in both fields of HR and resume writing. She is also a member of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), National Resume Writers Association (NRWA), and the Professional Association of Resume Writers Career Coaches (PARW/CC).Dave Lane is the CEO of  Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools). Over the past ten years, he has led software engineering teams ranging from five people to 150 people. Working his way up from software developer to CTO, he learned that people problems are much mo re challenging and interesting than technical problems. Dave now uses his experience to help companies better support their employees. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Tennessee Technological University. In his spare time, Dave pretends he still knows how to write software.Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn) is a Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach as well as a Director with the World’s largest producer of Spirits.  She has her MBA from Penn State University (Beta Gamma Sigma) and her Certification from the Academy of Jungian Spiritual Psychology. Her blog and coaching business, Newborn Evolution, focuses on Lifestyle Leadership Transformation with a Jungian Twist.  Joanne is a contributing writer to several publications and has two blogs on her website, NewbornEvolution.com.  She is grateful for nearly everything. 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job InterviewAre you prepared for interviewers to throw you a curveball? Do you have questions of your own ready about the role and the company? How should you dress?Applying for jobs in 2019 is like sitting on a desert island, writing a message, putting that message into a bottle, and then throwing that bottle directly into a black hole.Unless you know someone who works at the company you’re applying to, you’re probably applying through some sort of online portal in exchange for an automated confirmation email. Odds are you’ll never hear from them again. Or maybe you’ll get a rejection email months after you’d forgotten about the position.It’s a numbers game: The more jobs you apply to, the more likely you’ll be to get a job interview. But the challenges don’t end there! You still have to nail the interview. Here are ten tips for doing just that.1. Do your research.Acing an interview is often about more than just having the right skills and knowl edge for the position. It’s also important to have knowledge of the specific company you’re interviewing with.“Research the company and have questions about the role and the organization,” urged certified human resources professional Rebecca Francoline. “As a recruiter, it is so disappointing to get to the end of the conversation and the person has no questions at all. You will be spending 40+ hours a week at work, you should want to know more.”Dave Lane, CEO of Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools), offered some good resources to consider when researching your potential employer:“First and foremost, do your research on your potential employer. Read their website, find key team membersâ€"especially those who may be in your interviewâ€"on LinkedIn and other social media, and learn what makes them stand out from other potential employers.Researching the company for an hour or two will give you great opportunities during the interview to show how deep your interest in the compa ny goes. Your research is a jumping-off point for helping interviewers go off script and make a real connection with you.“To show youre someone that does their homework, a statement like this goes a long way: ‘I read on your site that youre doing X, which I find interesting. I didnt see anyone else in the industry doing this. What led you to do X?’”2. Dress for the job you want (as long as it’s the one you’re interviewing for).While it might be nice to live in a society where employers don’t take your appearance into account, it is not the society we live in. As such, the way you dress is going to make a strong first impression, and you want it to be a positive one.“Visit the companys Instagram to see what the companys vibe is,” suggested Christian Eilers, a career expert at Zety (@zety_com). “If the employees dress casual and an office dog is running aroundâ€"thats a signal not to wear a suit and tie for your interview. Try to blend in and be respectful of the c ompanys culture. Show them that you fit in. Smile. If you are stressed or nervousâ€"feel free to admit it and make a small joke about it. Thats all natural.That being said, being too casual can also be a significant misstep.“This may seem obvious but the trend seems to be leaning towards business casual outfits,” explained Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn). “Regardless, wear the suit, wear the professional dress, and wear the right shoes. There is a saying that goes… ‘Dress for the role you WANT, not the role you have.’ Fantastic advice.Be sure to wow them (and I mean anyone you come in contact with at the company) with your first impression. That is the one the interviewer is going to remember. You can never take that first impression back â€" dress to impress.”There may not be one definite answer to exactly how you should dress, but it’s definitely something you should put thought into.3. Practice, practice, practice.Getting good at something often takes practice. Getting good at interviewing is not an exception.“Look up common interview questions and practice answering them out loud,” advised Francoline. “Sometimes what sounds good in our heads actually is very awkward when spoken, so get comfortable talking about yourself.You may not be asked the same questions but thats OK because you will have the practice in articulating your professional experience.”4. Connect off the bat.Making a good impression isn’t just about what you’re wearing.“Have a firm handshake and look people in the eye when you greet them,” recommended Lane. “Its not about having the strongest grip or appearing bold. Its about making a connection through eye contact and acknowledging your interviewers as people. People dont trust people who cant look them in the eye.”It’s also worth trying to make a personal connection.“If you share a hobby or educational background with one of your interviewers, try to work it int o the conversation,” offered Lane. “Signal that you are not only a technical fit for the job description but also an interesting and engaging person your interviewers will want to work with.”5. Show your enthusiasm.Is this your dream job? Maybe, maybe not. But it’s probably a good idea to treat the interview as though it was. You took the time to come to the interview, so at this point, there’s nothing to lose from giving it your all.“Confidence is important but arrogance is a turn-off,” explained Newborn. “Interviewers are looking for someone who is excited to work on their team and someone who is passionate about the company. That being said, a little nervous energy is great. It shows that the interview is important to you.”6. Come with something to offer.It’s not just enough to answer the questions you’re asked. If you really want to impress the interviewer, you should be ready to volunteer information of your own.“Bring success stories,” advised Newborn . “Prepare your best success stories, big wins, and how you overcame business challenges in past companies. Even great success stories from when you were getting your bachelor’s degree or MBA; or perhaps you are on your condo board or another position with an organization or head up a volunteer group, etc.Managers want to see how you define success and how you will bring that kind of success to my team. Don’t just have one or two or three â€" have ten, so that you can pull out the right story for the question the interviewer is asking. This goes the extra mileâ€"it shows you put the time and energy into your own career growth.“Companies today move at the speed of light. Workloads are heavier than employees can bear.  Directors and VP’s need teams that can find solutions to problems FAST. Illustrate how you are solution focused and how YOU find solutions to problems.Remember that the interviewer has a need to fillâ€"he or she is looking for someone as quickly as possible t o fill that need. The more you can show you are the one finding solutions to their problems, the quicker you will move into the role.”7. Be ready for tough questions.You might be asked a question you don’t know the answer to. That’s okay! You don’t just have to throw up your hands and walk out on the spot. That will pretty much guarantee you do not get the job.“If you dont know the answer to some technical question asked in the interview, ask a followup question to increase your understanding,” suggested Lane. “Employers understand that you wont know everything.However, they want to know your limits. Are you someone who just knows what they know and accepts that limitation, or are you someone who will dig into the things you dont know and increase your professional mastery?“If you dont know an answer but have a theory about what it could be, share that as well. ‘I dont know for sure, but I believe the concept youre asking about works this way’ demonstrates your t hinking processes and intellect far better than ‘I dont know the answer.’8. Ask some questions of your own.It’s a classic job interview tip: you should be speaking more than they are. And that means coming prepared with your own questions.“Be sure to come prepared with a list of questions,” offered Newborn. “You are interviewing the company and your new potential boss as much as they are interviewing you. What do you want to know about the company, the department, the team? Refrain from asking questions regarding salary, vacation time, benefits, etc.â€"get the offer first. Some good questions might be:“‘What are your biggest challenges that you are seeking a candidate to solve?’‘What are the three favorite things that you love about working for XXX company?’‘What is the growth potential from this role?’“There are many insightful questions that both help get an insight into the company and also illustrate a candidate’s intelligence level.”9. Be yoursel f.You can try and make a new identity just for this job interview. But if you are hired, it’s going to be pretty exhausting maintaining that persona every work day going forwards.“Job interviews can put a lot of pressure on candidates, whereby they feel like they are going in for a big audition and have to give the performance of a lifetime,” acknowledged Susan Braakman, Operations Manager and HR expert with Seuss Recruitment in Amsterdam.“However, the key to success is simply to be yourself. Truthfully display your skills, experience,  and personality. Ensuring that your personality shines through, will allow the interviewers to assess how well you fit within the team.When you do not stay true to yourself and transform into someone else, this can result in a poor fit between you and your new teamâ€"which will most likely end up in disappointment for both parties.”10. Follow up.When you’re competing against so many candidates, it’s important to give yourself every adva ntage possible. And that means making an effort to stay at the forefront of the interviewer’s mind, even after the interview.“Hopefully, by the time the interview is finished you have made a great impression already,” explained Eilers. “But I do not know a single hiring manager that would frown upon an extra thank you email landing in his mailbox. You can add the recruiters to your LinkedIn contacts (beware though of stalking their Facebook or Instagram profiles- keep it professional).If you havent heard from a recruiter, follow up with a quick email or a phone call. If a hiring manager is on the fence about choosing between a few applicants, he will most likely go for the one that cares the most and shows persistence.Now go out there and nail the interview. We’re rooting for you! For more tips on navigating the job market and maximizing your potential earnings, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Skills You’ll Need in the Job Market of TomorrowThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade School10 Tips to Help You Score That Big Promotion6 Common Resume Mistakes to Avoid!Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsSusan Braakman, the Operations Manager at  Seuss Recruitment, has a passion for Recruitment and Human Resources. After more than 15 years of industry experience filled with beautiful stories and life-changing moments, she has built up an impressive network. She is dedicated to attracting and retaining high potential talent, and has placed more than 200 professionals into new roles. Susan’s positive energy shines over the people around her.Christian Eilers is a career expert who has been writing for  Zety (@zety_com) since 2017. From job hunting, acing interviews to settling in on the first days at a new career, his guides cover the entire career spectrum.Rebecca Francoline, President of  Go Write2Hire, is committed to helping her clients achieve their professional goals. The job search process is an experience where you want a professional, such as Rebecca in your corner who is an expert in resume design, recruiting practices, applicant tracking software (ATS) systems, interviewing, and offer negotiations. Dedicated to her profession and clients, Rebecca is a Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW) and a Certified Professional in Human Resources (PHR) and maintains her credentials through continuing education in both fields of HR and resume writing. She is also a member of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), National Resume Writers Association (NRWA), and the Professional Association of Resume Writers Career Coaches (PARW/CC).Dave Lane is the CEO of  Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools). Over the past ten years, he has led software engineering teams ranging from five people to 150 people. Working his way up from software developer to CTO, he learned that people problems are much mo re challenging and interesting than technical problems. Dave now uses his experience to help companies better support their employees. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Tennessee Technological University. In his spare time, Dave pretends he still knows how to write software.Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn) is a Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach as well as a Director with the World’s largest producer of Spirits.  She has her MBA from Penn State University (Beta Gamma Sigma) and her Certification from the Academy of Jungian Spiritual Psychology. Her blog and coaching business, Newborn Evolution, focuses on Lifestyle Leadership Transformation with a Jungian Twist.  Joanne is a contributing writer to several publications and has two blogs on her website, NewbornEvolution.com.  She is grateful for nearly everything.

The Constitution Is A Mere Quixotic Theory - 989 Words

The Constitution, America’s four father’s greatest establishments in US history, was created to coalesce and unite the people as one, and to grant prerogatives and incontrovertible freedom for individuals. Indeed, the Constitution not only guarantee s civil rights for all men and women, but ensures them with opportunities of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. However, several chains of events-the attack on the World Trade Center, the movement for gender equality, and conflicts between the majority and minority- have become the catalyst of a whole new meaning for the Constitution. In other words, with all the changes that are/has happened in the 21st century the politicians, government officials, the media, and elite authorities have/are acting upon creating regulations, laws, policies, and social norms that interfere and conflict with our constitutional rights. For this reason, the significance of the Constitution slowly evanescent through ignorance, and have l ed individuals to believe the Constitution is a mere quixotic theory. Although many people believe the Constitution still holds the same value it did when it first was established, some people feel their privilege of the 1st, 4th, and 14th amendments have been limited and violated as a result of external conflicts. â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press, or the right of peaceably toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Two Models of the Criminal Process8207 Words   |  33 Pagesequated with minimal agreed limits expressed in the Constitution of the United States and, more importantly, with unarticulated assumptions that can be perceived to underlie those limits. Of course, it is true that the Constitution is constantly appealed to by proponents and opponents of many measures that affect the criminal process. And only the naive would deny that there are few conclusive p ositions that can be reached by appeal to the Constitution. Yet there are assumptions about the criminal process

The Islamic Religion And Islam - 1301 Words

â€Å"These three religions, Judaism, Christianity and, Islam, all support a peaceful world and advocate peace in their main teachings and sacred texts.† (Mt Alvernia Task sheet) There are more than three religions in the world but these three religions are some of the main religions that profoundly support this statement. The Islamic religion is often portrayed by the Western media as a violent religion that does not teach or believe in interfaith or world peace, however through an interfaith understanding it can be seen that the Islamic religion does in fact believe in interfaith peace. Through comprehensive examination of the Islamic teachings and beliefs, it can be seen that the Islamic religion advocates interfaith understanding and peace.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (M.Slick, para. 2.) The second Pillar is Salat, which refers to prayer. The Islamic prayer start off with the confession of sins that purifies the body at the start, and then ends with the purificat ion of the soul. There are five different types of prayer â€Å"Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha† (M.Slick, para. 6.) The third Pillar is Saum, which is the fasting or Ramadan (as it is more commonly known), which is a month of fasting where followers will deny themselves necessities and seeks forgiveness from Allah (who is seen to be a merciful God) The fourth Pillar is Zakat, which is the Pillar of charity, when a follower donates to the poor they are submitting themselves to Allah, this is seen as a form of worshiping to the Gods. The last Pillar is Hajj, which is the pilgrimage that all Muslims should make to Mecca, it is also seen as an act of worship. As seen from the Five Pillars it is clear that if people understood the Islamic religion they would see that it does promote interfaith understandings and peace. For example in the Five Pillars the Third Pillar, Saum (Ramadan), the Islamic people deprive themselves of their needs, during light hours, so they can beg for for giveness from their God Allah. This clearly shows that the Islamic religion is a peaceful religion that advocates peace in their teachings. Through Islamic rituals, practices and the Five Pillars that the Islamic religion is based upon, it is clearly seen that the Islamic

A Critique “My Boys Like Shootouts, What’s Wrong With That” Free Essays

â€Å"My Boys Like Shootouts. What’s Wrong With That?† by Jonathan Turley (The Washington Post, 25 February 2007) discusses how parents are becoming increasingly against the play of toy-guns, and how such gun-paranoia will inhibit children’s development. Turley, a professor at George Washington University, speaks against those negative attitudes and hopes to educate parents and fellow activists with regards to how toy weaponry contributes to children’s development and emotional progress. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critique: â€Å"My Boys Like Shootouts, What’s Wrong With That?† or any similar topic only for you Order Now In general, Turley portrays the image of a concerned father seemingly disgruntled at attitudes encountered from his personal experiences. The tone adopted is casual and the author’s use of examples serve to reinforce his ideas and arguments. Turley claims that the allowance of gun play is not an idea which should be condemned and its impact exaggerated. He supports this claim by citing references concerning this topic giving toy guns credit for â€Å"channeling of aggression† (2007, Para 7) and amplifies the requisite to â€Å"distinguish between the two† with reference to â€Å"play† and â€Å"violence† (2007, Para 8). While Turley’s sentiments do reflect some truth, this truth is belittled by the one-dimensionality of his discussion and lack of consideration of other concerns such as â€Å"encouraging aggressive behavior and violent attitudes† and â€Å"reinforcing gender stereotypes† (2007, Para 4). Part Two: Turley’s arguments are logical but are discredited by their one-dimensionality as he does not accord sufficient discussion to other pertinent issues identified. There seems to be a lack of impartiality in the discussion as Turley is inclined to his own ideas. For instance, Turley used an example from his personal experience relating to his efforts to â€Å"avoid any gender stereotypes† (2007, Para 5) which did not strengthen his argument as he did not give depth to the point raised. Furthermore, the informal tone Turley used undermined the seriousness of the issue, and the example used was lacking as its scope cannot be reflective of an entire societal issue. Hence, Turley’s ideas, though valid, are weakened as he fails to present a just, two-sided argument. The examples cited in the article succeed in substantiating Turley’s arguments as they are quoted from several published sources with experience and the necessary expertise. These examples exemplify important ideas such as the use of toy weaponry as a form of catharsis for children â€Å"to make meaning of what they have experienced in life† (2007, Para 9) and â€Å"to be able to discharge their anger through symbolic play† (2007, Para 10). They also demonstrate the existing need for a certain degree of change in mindset with regards to allowing gun play. In that sense, Turley has succeeded in delivering his message pertaining to the necessity of such play in children’s development. However, the impact may be contracted by his use of a casual tone in a matter of significance to his target audience. Turley clearly describes the importance of gun play in children’s development and explains that such play is acceptable as long as â€Å"strict guidelines† (2007, Para 5) are imposed. He is considered to have achieved his intention as he cites useful and credible examples in substantiating his ideas. However, the casual tone adopted undermines the seriousness of the issue as despite it being a topic about play, it is one which parents and relevant groups view with significance. The lack of a balanced argument also weakens the ideas presented. Therefore, for an issue of societal scale, the scope covered by Turley may be too narrow. How to cite A Critique: â€Å"My Boys Like Shootouts, What’s Wrong With That?†, Papers

One Man Can Change the World Essay Example

One Man Can Change the World Paper Our team has chosen to define the following words in the topic: one man, can, change and world. The term one man is seen as a single, individual human being; can is defined as to have the capacity to; change can be described as to influence the future course of events different to what it is or would have been if left alone, and world being the majority of humanity that live on Earth. Therefore we take the topic to mean that a single, individual human being has the capacity to influence the future course of events different to what It Is or would have been If left lone for the majority of humanity that live on Earth. We believe that this deflation Is reasonable and In the split of the topic. The split weve chosen for tonights debate Is social and political. As first speaker, I will be focusing on the bigger picture of the topic and how this affects society as a whole. Tonight, my main arguments will focus on: the humanitarian Mother Teresa, a more infamous Osama Bin Lading, and he concept of the butterfly effect. Our second speaker will look at Americas Barack Obama, Ian Frazer and the Guardrails vaccine, and Fred Hollows. Through this our team ill use Justified and recent examples to prove to you how one man can change the world. As she once said herself, Do not wait for world leaders; do it alone, person to person. This is the very idea that we, as the affirmative team, is putting to you tonight- we all have the capacity to make great change, as Mother Teresa has. This previous point shows how wonderfully a single person can change the world but with there has to be a balance of good and evil In the world, one such evil goes by the name of Osama bal Laden. We will write a custom essay sample on One Man Can Change the World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Man Can Change the World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Man Can Change the World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Im sure all of you remember that day where, crammed all wrought the news, was a report of two planes flying into the Twin Towers: many of you wouldve stared at the TV in shock thinking; no, no way Its all a hoax, its just like the War of the Worlds all over again. Then reality struck, this was all true, all these people really had died from some freak crash. Then a second plane, way too much to be a coincidence, so you think what sort of horrible person could do THIS, kill so many innocent unmans? Born in 1 957 Osama bin Laden grew up to become the leader of the worlds most notorious terrorist organization, al Qaeda, provoking the former resident of the USA to declare war on an idea itself, the simple idea of terrorism. Bin Laden was empowered with the ability to manifest peoples passion Into change and action and making the global community fear things they once did not even realism existed. Now before we go on a flight, we have that fear that maybe our destination Is death; maybe the man slating next to you has a bomb In his suitcase, the imagination can run loose on these possibilities. Osama bin Laden has also change collects perception AT Meme Eastern people, won are now Dealing increasingly prejudiced against. People are yet again Judged by their outer looks and discrimination is again in action which is ridiculous in this 21st century globalizes world. The Middle East produces some of the worlds finest sports people, thinkers and diverse cultures, to simply think that one man puts this positive image into one of global distrust and discrimination. Extremists like bin Laden, Hitler and Robert Manage have the powerful ability to change the world for the worse, undoing all the great achievements humanity itself has made with a single action. Ladies and gentlemen, a story goes like this, if a butterfly flaps its wings on one side of the world, here will be a hurricane on the other side; this describes the butterfly effect chaos theory. This is the theory that a single action, no matter how small it is, is a trigger that will lead to bigger incidences that eventually will turn from the small butterfly flap to a huge hurricane. This theory can also be applied to this debate as it only takes one persuasive person to push the first domino in the line. Both Mother Teresa and Osama bin Laden only made the world the way it is because of their reservation and beliefs; they were the catalysts who started the chain reaction. The affirmative am is saying to you that we cant Just expect to sit on our hands and let the world pass by; hoping that everything will be fine because it wont, each one of us has the power to change the world. In summary ladies and gentlemen, Eve presented to you relevant and recent examples, firstly relating to Mother Teresa and how she actively made a great change in the world we live in by helping those of ill-health and less fortunate. Showing how no matter where your origins lie, as long as you are willing to persevere and if you truly believe your cause then you can achieve those things. Secondly I gave a more sombrero example but certainly one that we can all relate to and have seen the changes of. Such a recent and influential example is one hard to forget, the aftermath of al Qaeda and ultimately Osama bin Aldens terrorist attacks still resound. There is no doubt that this event has shaped and changed the world we live in, all because of the choices of an individual. Lastly Eve shown you how the Butterfly Effect theory is one that can prove how it only takes a single man to change things forever. Using this, Eve shown how one man can change the world. Id like to hare with you a story I recently heard to end with.

Spanish Civil War essays

Spanish Civil War essays On the Nationalist side, there were four main factions; the Carlists, the Catholic Church, the Falange, and the Monarchists. The Carlists supported the claim of the descendants of Don Carlos to the throne of Spain. They wanted a return to a traditionalist ultra-Catholic monarchy. The movement's support came from the Requetes, the Pelayos and the Margaritas, whose recruits were mainly drawn from the families of Navarrese smallholders. The Catholic Church supported CEDA, a composite right-wing Catholic party founded in 1933 by Gil Robles. It was formed from the Accion Popular and Partido Agrario, and had a youth movement known as the JAP. Although successful in the 1933 elections, the Party virtually collapsed after the Popular Front victory in 1936. The membership of JAP then switched to the Falange. The Falange was a small fascist. It gained some popular support when it merged with the JONS in 1934 to form the Falange Espanola de las JONS. The Monarchist groups, which inclu ded Accion Espanola and Renovacion Espanola, supported the claim of the descendants of Queen Isabella II to the throne of Spain. The Monarchist movement, which had the support of conservative army officers, became the focus of opposition to the Republic after the abdication of King Alfonso XIII. On the Republican side were the Anarcho-Syndicalists, the Basques, the Catalans, the Communists, the Marxists, the Republicans, and the Socialists. The Anarchist movement in Spain was the strongest in Europe. Its main support came from the industrial workers of Barcelona, who formed the anarcho-syndicalist trades union in 1911. The Anarchist also founded a youth movement, the FIJL, to promote anarcho-syndicalist beliefs amongst the young. The most influential organization within the Anarchist movement was the FAI; this was a federation of militant anarchist groups founded in 1927. It worked in secret, and formed the backbone of the Anarchist Militias at the o...

Basic Info, History, Geography and Climate of Spain

Basic Info, History, Geography and Climate of Spain Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula to the south of France and Andorra and to the east of Portugal. It has coastlines on the Bay of Biscay (a part of the  Atlantic Ocean) and the  Mediterranean Sea. Spains capital and largest city are Madrid and the country is known for its long history, unique culture, a strong economy and very high living standards. Population: 46,754,784 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: MadridBordering Areas: Andorra, France, Gibraltar, Portugal, Morocco (Ceuta and Melilla)Area: 195,124 square miles (505,370 sq km)Coastline: 3,084 miles (4,964 km)Highest Point: Pico de Teide (Canary Islands) at 12,198 feet (3,718 m) History of Spain The area of present-day Spain and the Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for thousands of years and some of the oldest archeological sites in Europe are located in Spain. In the 9th century B.C.E. the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Celts all entered the region but by the 2nd century B.C.E., the Romans had settled there. Roman settlement in Spain lasted until the 7th century but many of their settlements were taken over by the Visigoths who arrived in the 5th century. In 711 the North African Moors entered Spain and pushed the Visigoths to the north. The Moors remained in the area until 1492, despite several attempts to push them out. Present-day Spain was then unified by 1512 according to the U.S. Department of State. By the 16th century, Spain was the most powerful country in Europe because of wealth obtained from its exploration of North and South America. By the latter part of the century, however, it had been in several wars and its power declined. In the early 1800s, it was occupied by France and it was involved in several wars, including the Spanish-American War (1898), throughout the 19th century. In addition, many of Spains overseas colonies revolted and gained their independence at this time. These problems led to a period of dictatorial rule in the country from 1923 to 1931. This time ended with the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931. Tensions and instability continued in Spain and in July 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. The civil war ended in 1939 and General Francisco Franco took over Spain. By the beginning of World War II, Spain was officially neutral but it supported Axis power policies; because of this though it was isolated by the Allies following the war. In 1953 Spain signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement with the United States and joined the United Nations in 1955. These international partnerships eventually allowed Spains economy to begin growing because it had been closed off from much of Europe and the world prior to that time. By the 1960s and 1970s, Spain had developed a modern economy and in the late 1970s, it began to transition to a more democratic government. Government of Spain Today Spain is governed as a parliamentary monarchy with an executive branch made up of a chief of state (King Juan Carlos I) and a head of government (the president). Spain also has a bicameral legislative branch made up of the General Courts (made up of the Senate) and the Congress of Deputies. Spains judicial branch is composed of the Supreme Court, also called the Tribunal Supremo. The country is divided into 17 autonomous communities for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Spain Spain has a strong economy that is considered mixed capitalism. It is the 12th largest economy in the world and the country is known for its high standard of living and quality of life. The major industries of Spain are textiles and apparel, food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment. Agriculture is also important in many areas of Spain and the main products produced from that industry are grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, and fish. Tourism and the related service sector is also a major part of Spains economy. Geography and Climate of Spain Today most of Spains area is located in southwestern Europe on the mainland of the country that is south of France and the Pyrenees Mountains and east of Portugal. However, it also has territory in Morocco, the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, islands off the coast of Morocco as well as the Canary Islands in the Atlantic and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. All of this land area makes Spain the second largest country in Europe behind France. Most of the topography of Spain consists of flat plains that are surrounded by rugged, undeveloped hills. The northern part of the country, however, is dominated by the Pyrenees Mountains. The highest point in Spain is located in the Canary Islands with Pico de Teide at 12,198 feet (3,718 meters). The climate of Spain is temperate with hot summers and cold winters inland and cloudy, cool summers and cool winters along the coast. Madrid, located inland in the center of Spain has an average January low temperature of 37ËšF (3ËšC) and a July average high of 88ËšF (31ËšC). Sources Central Intelligence Agency.  CIA - The World Factbook - Spain. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Spain: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107987.htmlUnited States Department of State. Spain. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2878.htm

Slavery by Another Name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slavery by Another Name - Essay Example He uses real letters, and photos to pass the message to viewers of the film. It is evident that the film bases its topics on scholarly heritage, long-term experiences, and contributions of African. The documentary highlights that slavery was effectively considered only after the World War 2. The documentary also depicts themes such as forced labor that can be used by tutors’ in teaching students in the class. Slavery by Another Name is better since forced labor is a common topic practiced in the contemporary society; hence, still significant as subject to teach students (DeFore, 2012). The film is better than others to be added in the course since it has a unique and exceptional topic that analyses the historical events in America. It talks about new findings in American history since an individual has to involve in a thorough research to generate the topic. It is a summary and critique of the events that occurred amid the emancipation period and the end of the World War 2; therefore, making the documentary an outstanding one. Students learn that constitutions are not perfect, and some have mistakes since they are written by a human being. For example, the 13th Amendment of the constitution did not fully eliminate slavery; it had a clause that read ‘except as a punishment for a crime’ that gave room for the whites to arrest the blacks for petty mistakes made. Africans who escaped being arrested faced the wrath of paying debts (DeFore, 2012). Learners learn that racism is a negative factor in society and should not be practiced. Students learn that racism was the core reason for slavery. This knowledge will make them avoid practicing bigotry and advocate against it in the community.

Nursing intervention Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing intervention - Personal Statement Example In this regard, the complaints of the patient must be meticulously explored through obtaining a complete ophthalmic history, careful assessment of the patient's eyes and performing a relevant diagnostic procedure like the slit-lamp examination. As regarded above, obtaining a complete ophthalmic history, careful assessment of the patient's eyes and performing a relevant diagnostic procedure like the slit-lamp examination are essential aspects in making a sound judgment on the patient's case. According to Vader & Krouse (2001), an ophthalmic history encompasses the obtainment and utilization of the client's demographic data, current clinical manifestations, past health history or past medical history (PMH), psychosocial history and lifestyle, and family health history. These facts are deemed vital and important because they can certainly assist the health providers to have an accurate evaluation and understanding about the patient's condition. Demographic data, particularly the age and s... On the other hand, clinical manifestations, or signs and symptoms, such as loss of vision and glare must be suggestive of a particular visual disturbance like glaucoma or refractive errors. So, it is also important to take note of these manifestations as well as the complaints of the patients for further assessment and evaluation. Further, the patient's past medical history (PMH) can also provide valuable facts in relation to the ocular manifestations. For instance, the presence of ocular disorders is commonly seen in persons who have existing diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases. In addition, histories of allergies to medications and substances that can precipitate ocular reactions or eye irritations are also investigated to determine how these factors affect the client's ocular/ophthalmic health. Moreover, psychosocial history and lifestyle, including the patient's occupation and daily activities, can also aid in the assessment as they provide information about the predisposing f actors related to the patient's condition such as exposure to substances that can irritate the eyes and other practices that affect ocular health. In this way, as a student nurse, it is important to ask the client about his/her recreational activities and occupational history, and whether the client wears glasses to protect his/her eyes or not, in order to establish relevant facts (Potter & Perry, 2001). In the same manner, family history provides data on the likelihood of having eye disorders that are hereditary, or genetic, which can run through generations. These familial disorders include strabismus and refractive errors such as myopia, or

Information Security Using Cryptography Information Technology Essay

Information Security Using Cryptography Information Technology Essay This paper aims to provide a total review of Information security and cryptography, Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access (PROXY SERVERS), use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. Governments, military, financial institutions, hospitals, and private businesses amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Protecting confidential information is a business requirement, and in many cases also an ethical and legal requirement. SECURITY in this contemporary scenarios has become a more sensible issue either it may be in the REAL WORLD or in the CYBER WORLD. In the real world as opposed to the cyber world an attack is often preceded by information gathering. This is also true in the cyber world. Here the bad guys are referred to as intruders, hackers, hijackers, etc. The intruders would first have a panoramic view of the victims network and then start digging the holes. One of the method for protecting information from hackers is Cryptography Cryptography defined as the science and study of secret writing, concerns the ways in which communications and data can be encoded to prevent disclosure of their contents through message interception, using codes ciphers and other methods, so that only certain people can see the real message. Encryption transforms original information, called plaintext, into transformed information, called cipher text, code text or simply cipher, which usually has the appearance of random, unintelligible data. Encryption provides confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of the information transferred from A to B. INTRODUCTION: The objective of this paper is to provide the reader with an insight into recent developments in the field of cryptography. Cryptography was used as a tool to protect national secrets and strategies. The proliferation of computers and communications systems in the 1960s brought with it a demand from the private sector for means to protect information in digital form and to provide security services. DES, the Data Encryption Standard, is the most well-known cryptographic mechanism. It remains the standard means for securing electronic commerce for many financial institutions around the world. The most striking development in the history of cryptography came in 1976 when Diffie and Hellmann published New Directions in Cryptography. The word cryptography comes from a Greek word which means hidden or secret. It is considered as a miraculous boon that will solve all the computer security problems. It is also referred to as science of secret writing. The objective is to provide security to the appropriate layer among the seven layers of networking infrastructure. This topic can be dealt mathematically also. But our focus is on cyber applications and its vitality. While cryptographers work on inventing clever secret codes, cryptanalysts attempt to break these codes. Cryptology encompasses both the subjects. Symantec is launching Norton 360 in India, an online digital security solutions service that could be paid for on basis of actual usage. The company which has various products to provide information security and retrieval of secured information, is also now into providing a regulatory compliances services. This is a sentence published in the famous newspaper The HINDU .This is an excellent evidence to support the sentence Network security is extremely essential. Two entities A and B wish to work over a secure network .but an intruder interrupts and shares their secrets without their knowledge. Now cryptography has the ability to send information between entities in a way that prevents others from reading it. For instance: If the original message was GIVE TWO MILLION he would have encoded the message with SHIFT BY 3 and so the message would now be JLYHWZRPLOORQ which is obviously in an unreadable format unless you know the method of deciphering. BASIC PRINCIPLES: Key concepts For over twenty years information security has held that confidentiality, integrity and availability (known as the CIA Triad) are the core principles of information security. CIA TRAID Confidentiality Confidentiality is a requisite for maintaining the privacy of the people whose personal information the organization holds. Information that is considered to be confidential in nature must only be accessed, used, copied, or disclosed by persons who have been authorized to access, use, copy, or disclose the information, and then only when there is a genuine need to access, use, copy or disclose the information. A breach of confidentiality occurs when information that is considered to be confidential in nature has been, or may have been, accessed, used, copied, or disclosed to, or by, someone who was not authorized to have access to the information. Integrity In information security, integrity means that data can not be created, changed, or deleted without authorization. A loss of integrity occurs when an employee accidentally, or with malicious intent, deletes important data files. A loss of integrity can occur if a computer virus is released onto the computer. A loss of integrity can occur when an on-line shopper is able to change the price of the product they are purchasing. Availability The concept of availability means that the information, the computing systems used to process the information, and the security controls used to protect the information are all available and functioning correctly when the information is needed. Defense in depth During its life time, information may pass through many different parts of information processing systems. There are many different ways the information and information systems can be threatened. To fully protect the information during its lifetime, each component of the information processing system must have its own protection mechanisms. The building up, layering on and overlapping of security measures is called defense in depth. Additional insight into defense in depth can be gained by thinking of it as forming the layers of an onion, with data at the core of the onion, people as the outer layer of the onion, and network security, host-based security and applications security forming the inner layers of the onion CRYPTOGRAPHY: OVERVIEW: Security Concerns Security Attacks: Interruption Interception Modification Fabrication Methods of defense: Encryption Software Controls Hardware Controls Physical Controls Encryption Cryptography Cryptanalysis Encryption algorithm types: Asymmetric Symmetric Cryptographic Algorithms: Secret key Public key Hash functions History-Caesar cipher A simple substitution cipher Polyalphabetic substitution example Uses of encryption Applications of cryptography Security Concerns: Unauthorized access to resources. Masquerade as authorized user or end system. E-mail forgery. Malicious attacks. Monitoring and capture of network traffic. Exploitation of software bugs Contributing Factors: Increased Internet use: Home broadband, Greater coverage (wired and wireless): More ubiquitous on-line use: Education, Business, Games, Shoppingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Lack of awareness of threats and risks. Wide-open network policies. Unencrypted network traffic. Complexity of security measurements and administration. Software bugs. Availability of cracking tools. Security Attacks: Interruption: This is an attack on Availability. Interception: This is an attack on confidentiality. Modification: This is an attack on integrity. Fabrication: This is an attack on authenticity. Methods of defense: Encryption: Encryption is key enabling technology to implement computer security. Information security uses cryptography to transform usable information into a form that renders it unusable by anyone other than an authorized user; this process is called encryption. Information that has been encrypted (rendered unusable) can be transformed back into its original usable form by an authorized user, who possesses the cryptographic key, through the process of decryption. Cryptography is used in information security to protect information from unauthorized or accidental discloser while the information is in transit (either electronically or physically) and while information is in storage Cryptography can introduce security problems when it is not implemented correctly. The length and strength of the encryption key is also an important consideration. A key that is weak or too short will produce weak encryption. The keys used for encryption and decryption must be protected with the same degree of rigor as any other confidential information. What is cryptography? Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data. Cryptography enables you to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks (like the Internet) so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended recipient. While cryptography is the science of securing data, cryptanalysis is the science of analyzing and breaking secure communication. Cryptology embraces both cryptography and cryptanalysis. Strong cryptography: There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will stop your kid sister from reading your files, and cryptography that will stop major governments from reading your files. Cryptographic strength is measured in the time and resources it would require to recover the plaintext. The result of strong cryptography is cipher text that is very difficult to decipher without possession of the appropriate decoding tool. How does cryptography work? A cryptographic algorithm, or cipher, is a mathematical function used in the encryption and decryption process. A cryptographic algorithm works in combination with a key-a word, number, or phrase-to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext encrypts to different cipher text with different keys. The security of encrypted data is entirely dependent on two things: the strength of the cryptographic algorithm and the secrecy of the key. A cryptographic algorithm, plus all possible keys and all the protocols that make it work comprise a cryptosystem. Conventional cryptography: In conventional cryptography, also called secret-key or symmetric-key encryption, one key is used both for encryption and decryption. Encryption and decryption: Data that can be read and understood without any special measures is called plaintext or clear text. The method of disguising plaintext in such a way as to hide its substance is called encryption. Encrypting plaintext results in unreadable gibberish called cipher text. You use encryption to ensure that information is hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended, even those who can see the encrypted data. The process of reverting cipher text to its original plaintext is called decryption. This could be illustrated using the following diagram: 001010010111001 100101001011001 001011100100101 Encryption and decryption Why Cryptography? Concerned with developing algorithms which may be used to: Conceal the context of some message from all except the sender and recipient (privacy or secrecy), and/or Verify the correctness of a message to the recipient (authentication) Forms the basis of many technological solutions to computer and communications security problems Elements of cryptography: In cryptographic terminology, the message is called plaintext or clear text. Encoding the contents of the message in such a way that hides its contents from outsiders is called encryption. A method of encryption and decryption is called a cipher The name cipher originates from the Hebrew word Saphar, meaning to number. The encrypted message is called the cipher text. The process of retrieving the plaintext from the cipher text is called decryption. Encryption and decryption usually make use of a key, and the coding method is such that decryption can be performed only by knowing the proper key. Cryptanalysis: The study of principles and methods of transforming an unintelligible message back into an intelligible message without knowledge of the key is called Cryptanalysis. Also called code breaking sometimes. Whereas people who do cryptography are cryptographers and practitioners of cryptanalysis are cryptanalysts. Cryptology Cryptology is the branch of mathematics that studies the mathematical foundations of cryptographic methods. Cryptology comes from the Greek words Krypton, meaning hidden, and Graphen, meaning to write. Cryptology is actually the study of codes and ciphers. Cryptology = both cryptography and cryptanalysis. The Key: All modern algorithms use a key to control encryption and decryption; a message can be decrypted only if the key matches the encryption key. The key used for decryption can be different from the encryption key, but for most algorithms they are the same. Encryption Algorithm Types: There are two classes of key-based algorithms: Symmetric (or secret-key) Asymmetric (or public-key) algorithms The difference is that symmetric algorithms use the same key for encryption and decryption (or the decryption key is easily derived from the encryption key), whereas asymmetric algorithms use a different key for encryption and decryption, and the decryption key cannot be derived from the encryption key. Asymmetric Algorithms: public key Public key cryptography is an asymmetric scheme that uses a pair of keys for encryption: a public key, which encrypts data, and a corresponding private, or secret key for decryption. You publish your public key to the world while keeping your private key secret. Anyone with a copy of your public key can then encrypt information that only you can read. Even people you have never met. It is computationally infeasible to deduce the private key from the public key. Any one who has a public key can encrypt the information but cannot decrypt it. Only the person who has the corresponding private key can decrypt the information. The primary benefit of public key cryptography is that it allows people who have no preexisting security arrangement to exchange messages securely. The need for sender and receiver to share secret keys via some secure channel is eliminated; all communications involve only public keys, and no private key is ever transmitted or shared. Public key algorithm: Symmetric Algorithms Symmetric algorithms can be divided into two categories: (1) stream ciphers and (2) block ciphers. Stream ciphers can encrypt a single bit/byte of plaintext at a time, whereas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Block ciphers take a number of bits (typically 64 bits in modern ciphers), and encrypt them as a single unit. Secret key and Public key: Hash functions: An improvement on the above scheme is the addition of a one-way hash function in the process. A one-way hash function takes variable-length input-in this case, a message of any length, even thousands or millions of bits-and produces a fixed-length output; say, 160-bits. The hash function ensures that, if the information is changed in any way-even by just one bit-an entirely different output value is produced. As long as a secure hash function is used, there is no way to take someones signature from one document and attach it to another, or to alter a signed message in any way. The slightest change in a signed document will cause the digital signature verification process to fail. Hash Functions History Caesar Cipher: Julius Caesar used a simple alphabet (letter) substitution, offset by 3 letters. Taking the word cipher you would move ahead in the alphabet 3 letters to get FLSKHU. c =3  ® 3+3 = 6  ® F i =9  ® 9+3 = 12  ® L p =16  ® 16+3 = 19  ® S h =8  ® 8+3 = 11  ® K e =5  ® 5+3 = 8  ® H r =18  ® 18+3 = 21  ® U This worked for a while, until more people learned to read and studied his secret cipher. A Simple Substitution Cipher Plaintext: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz QIAYMWFUBKPDGJZSOCVLXNETRH Cipher text: Polyalphabetic Substitution Example: Suppose that a polyalphabetic cipher of period 3 is being used, with the three monoalphabetic ciphers M1, M2, M3 as defined below. To encrypt a message, the first 3 letters of the plaintext are enciphered according to ciphers M1, M2, M3 respectively, with the process being repeated for each subsequent block of 3 plaintext letters. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z M1: K D N H P A W X C Z I M Q J B Y E T U G V R F O S L M2: P A G U K H J B Y D S O E M Q N W F Z I T C V L X R M3: J M F Z R N L D O W G I A K E S U C Q V H Y X T P B Plaintext Now is the time for every good man Ciphertext JCQ CZ VXK VCER AQC PCRTX LBQZ QPK Note: The two os in good have been enciphered as different letters. Also the three letters X in the cipher text represent different letters in the plaintext Uses of Encryption: Protecting data from prying eyes is not the only security issue in networking. One can imagine at least four security services: Protecting data from being read by unauthorized persons Verifying the sender of each message (authentication) Preventing unauthorized persons from inserting or deleting messages Making it possible for users to send signed documents electronically Applications of cryptography: Digital signatures have many applications in information security, including authentication, data integrity, and non-repudiation. One of the most significant applications of digital signatures is the certification of public keys in large networks. Certification is a means for a trusted third party (TTP) to bind the identity of a user to a public key, so that at some later time, other entities can authenticate a public key without assistance from a trusted third party There is a lot of information that we dont want other people to see. This can be achieved by cryptography such as Credit card information Private correspondence Social security numbers Personal details Sensitive company information CONCLUSION: Thus Information security measures are needed to protect data from hackers, when it is transmitted between terminal user and computer and between computer and computer and it is also necessary to protect the computer system when there is an attack of virus. The capability of security enabled components still lags behind the claims. Everyone has a different idea of what security is, and what levels of risk are acceptable. Its important to build systems and networks in such a way that the user is not constantly reminded of the security system around him. As and when new security methods are developed, breaking of these methods has increased. So measures have to be taken to fill the loopholes, of which cryptography has and is playing a major role. Cryptography is evergreen and developments in this area are a better option. Basic security challenges in the corporate realm are not yet completely addressed. Nevertheless the cumbersome combats devised against each of the security fissures, yet the cyber MAVERICKS all around the world are succeeding in their ways of perdition. This was quite evident from the E-attacks on BARC server post-September11th cyber attacks on FBI sites where even sophisticated surveillance systems couldnt come to their rescue. A case in point is that, E-ATTACKS are becoming notoriously peerless as compared with the traditional nuke-wars. Consequently, in the quench of thirst for more and more secured systems BIOMETRICS SYSTEM, QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY and many more are innovatively being implemented at a cumulative pace.